This study intends to contribute to the delimitation of selected offensive language categories based on an analysis of a corpus of contributions to discussion forums in Czech online national newspapers and news platforms called Czech Corpus of Offensive Language (CCOL). It endeavours to study three problematic areas (1) delimitation between the speech acts performed, (ii) lexical realisation of specific properties of the target and (iii) identification and categorisation of implicit offence (e.g. figurative semantic shifts) by exploring contextual cues for the (...) speech act identification, the keywords indicating the properties of the target and the types of semantic shifts in implicit expressions of offence. The findings indicate that annotation systems that do not use context information for the detection of offensive language may face problems with adequate interpretation of the language means under investigation. (shrink)

The goal of the paper is to present a Simplified Offensive Language (SOL) Taxonomy, its application and testing in the Second Annotation Campaign conducted between March-May 2023 on four languages: English, Czech, Lithuanian, and Polish to be verified and located in LLOD. Making reference to the previous Offensive Language taxonomic models proposed mostly by the same COST Action Nexus Linguarum WG 4.1.1 team, the number and variety of the categories underwent the definitional revision, and the present typology was tested in (...) the annotation on the publicly available offensive language datasets of each of the four languages. The results of the annotation are presented and as they are contained within the accepted statistical values on the inter-annotator agreement in the SOL categories and their aspects, we propose this taxonomy as a core ontology which represents the encoding of the supported offensive languages and justify its use on new data in terms of a more universal Linguistic Linked Open Data (LLOD) schema. (shrink)

The article Metaphorical Nature of Language in Herder aims to demonstrate how Herder’s thesis regarding the metaphoricity of language reflects itself in his conception of the relationship between language and the world. A comparison with Friedrich Nietzsche’s understanding of this relationship in his essay On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense helps clarify Herder’s position. While both thinkers share the postulate of the metaphoricity of language, the implications they draw from it are different: unlike Nietzsche, Herder does not turn (...) sceptical regarding the capacity of language to reveal the world, and he understands language not only as a tool of survival but also as a tool of knowledge – not in spite of its metaphorical nature, but rather precisely because of it. (shrink)

Autorka si v článku klade otázku, nakolik Hegel ve své filosofii ohlašuje konec náboženství jakožto specifické formy vztahování se ke světu, a tak předjímá postupující sekularizaci západní kultury. Autorka vychází z tvrzení Terezy Matějčkové v její knize Hegelova fenomenologie světa, podle nějž je Hegelem oznamovaný konec třeba chápat nikoli ve smyslu časovém, nýbrž jakožto konec ve smyslu završení, odhalení principu, který se stává „středem“ nové perspektivy. Aniž by si autorka stati kladla za cíl tuto mnohokrát opakovanou otázku po výkladu Hegelovy (...) teze o konci náboženství rozhodnout, přináší argumenty jak na podporu tvrzení Terezy Matějčkové, tak také ty, které s tímto tvrzením polemizují. (shrink)

Dans le champ de la linguistique francaise, Olga Galatanu est de ceux qui ont muni l'analyse du discours et des interactions verbales d'un modele semantique de description. La Semantique des Possibles Argumentatifs qu'elle developpe depuis une vingtaine d'annees adhere aux visions argumentative, stereotypique, referentielle, cognitiviste de la langue, et s'attache a rendre compte de la construction des representations en langue et en discours.<BR> Les articles que ses collaborateurs et amis lui offrent dans ce volume se rapportent de pres ou (...) de loin a la SPA. Certains en partagent les postulats: sens referentiel et denomination, interfaces semantique-syntaxe et semantique-pragmatique, construction discursive du sens, valeurs; d'autres reprennent et developpent des elements specifiques de la SPA: possibles argumentatifs, deploiements argumentatifs, modalites; d'autres encore montrent les convergences et complementarites entre la SPA et des theories voisines.<BR> Les analyses portent notamment sur l'attitude metalinguistique des locuteurs, la malleabilite semantique des mots, la negociation des sens et des valeurs, les principes et strategies discursives qui regulent la communication, l'heterogeneite discursive, la presentation de soi, la construction d'objets discursifs, les actes de langage indirects, etc.". (shrink)

The article is devoted to strategies of resistance in late modernity, in particular the forms that find expression in the literature of the generation that entered adulthood during the global financial crisis (2008). The two most important strategies analysed in the article are sleep and other forms of passivity, which have been observed in both the works of millennials and the forms of refusal and resistance in the areas of work and politics in recent years. The theoretical inspirations of the (...) article include Lauren Berlant and her Cruel Optimism and Judith Butler’s works on gathering in public space, as well as another study touching upon the issues of passivity, waiting and opposition. The article considers the possibility of reversing the traditional hierarchy of protest and resistance, and reflects on the possible meaning that the refusal to gather or sleep or, on the other hand, the refusal to be patient and wait may have in modern times. (shrink)

The issue of benefits in international clinical research is highly controversial. Against the background of wide recognition of the need to share benefits of research, the nature of benefits remains strongly contested. Little is known about the perspectives of research populations on this issue and the extent to which research ethics discourses and guidelines are salient to the expectations and aspirations existing on the ground. This exploratory study contributes to filling this void by examining perspectives of people in low-income South (...) African communities on benefits in international clinical research. Twenty-four individuals with and without experience of being involved in clinical research participated in in-depth interviews. Respondents felt that ancillary care should be provided to clinical research participants, while a clinical study conducted in particular community should bring better health to its members through post-trial benefits. Respondents' perspectives were grounded in the perception that the ultimate goal of international clinical research is to improve local health. We argue that perspectives and understandings of the respondents are shaped by local moral traditions rather than clinical research specificities and require attention as valid moral claims. It is necessary to acknowledge such claims and cultural worlds from which they emerge, thus building the foundation for equal and embracing dialogue to bridge different perspectives and handle contradicting expectations. (shrink)

This book analyzes unobvious relations between historical definitions of the face and its contemporary usage in popular culture and social media, like Facebook or Instagram. Bringing together a wide range of methodologies, it includes essays from manifold disciplines of the humanities such as philosophy, literary and art criticism, media and television studies, game studies, sociology and anthropology. The authors focus on both metaphorical and material meanings of the face. They grapple with crucial questions about modernity, modern and postmodern subjectivity, as (...) well as with origins of certain linguistic terms and popular, colloquial phrases based on the concept of the face. (shrink)

K. Lüscher, A. Klimczuk, Generations, intergenerational relationships, generational policy: A multilingual compendium, 17 languages, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz 2017, 428pp. TS - BibTeX M4 - Citavi.

K. Lüscher, A. Klimczuk, Generations, intergenerational relationships, generational policy: A multilingual compendium, 17 languages, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz 2017, 428pp. TS - RIS M4 - Citavi.

The members of the International Network for the Analysis of Intergenerational Relations proudly present the most recent issue of the jointly produced compendium "Generations, Intergenerational Relations and Generational Policy". This new version includes 17 languages: English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Polish, Portuguese, Swedish, Hungarian, Turkish, Romanian, Lithuanian, Slovenian, Bosnian, Ukrainian, Russian and Chinese. The layout of the compendium is designed for using it to translate the specific concepts and terminology of research on generations and intergenerational relations from one language into (...) another. **** K. Lüscher, A. Klimczuk, Generations, intergenerational relationships, generational policy: A multilingual compendium, 17 languages, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz 2017, 428pp. (shrink)

K. Lüscher, A. Klimczuk, Generations, intergenerational relationships, generational policy: A multilingual compendium, 17 languages, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz 2017, 428pp. TS - BibTeX M4 - Citavi.

K. Lüscher, A. Klimczuk, Generations, intergenerational relationships, generational policy: A multilingual compendium, 17 languages, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz 2017, 428pp. TS - BibTeX M4 - Citavi.

K. Lüscher, A. Klimczuk, Generations, intergenerational relationships, generational policy: A multilingual compendium, 17 languages, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz 2017, 428pp. TS - BibTeX M4 - Citavi.

K. Lüscher, A. Klimczuk, Generations, intergenerational relationships, generational policy: A multilingual compendium, 17 languages, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz 2017, 428pp. TS - BibTeX M4 - Citavi.

K. Lüscher, A. Klimczuk, Generations, intergenerational relationships, generational policy: A multilingual compendium, 17 languages, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz 2017, 428pp. TS - BibTeX M4 - Citavi.

K. Lüscher, A. Klimczuk, Generations, intergenerational relationships, generational policy: A multilingual compendium, 17 languages, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz 2017, 428pp. TS - BibTeX M4 - Citavi.

K. Lüscher, A. Klimczuk, Generations, intergenerational relationships, generational policy: A multilingual compendium, 17 languages, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz 2017, 428pp. TS - BibTeX M4 - Citavi.

K. Lüscher, A. Klimczuk, Generations, intergenerational relationships, generational policy: A multilingual compendium, 17 languages, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz 2017, 428pp. TS - BibTeX M4 - Citavi.

In common law jurisdictions, legal professionals cite facts and legal principles from precedent cases to support their arguments before the court for their intended outcome in a current case. This practice stems from the doctrine of stare decisis, where cases that have similar facts should receive similar decisions with respect to the principles. It is essential for legal professionals to identify such facts and principles in precedent cases, though this is a highly time intensive task. In this paper, we present (...) studies that demonstrate that human annotators can achieve reasonable agreement on which sentences in legal judgements contain cited facts and principles. We further demonstrate that it is feasible to automatically annotate sentences containing such legal facts and principles in a supervised machine learning framework based on linguistic features, reporting per category precision and recall figures of between 0.79 and 0.89 for classifying sentences in legal judgements as cited facts, principles or neither using a Bayesian classifier, with an overall κ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\kappa$$\end{document} of 0.72 with the human-annotated gold standard. (shrink)

Over the last decade, an array of policy interventions relating to children, young people and education in the UK have positioned pupil participation in the (re)design of school environments as a key imperative. Indeed, pupil participation is an explicit, core ideal of major, ongoing school (re)construction and (re)design programmes in the UK such as Building Schools for the Future, Academy schools, and Primary Capital Funding. The aim of this paper is to juxtapose the ideals of participation as expressed in national (...) policy statements, via-a-vis the ways in which participation in these contexts is being done (or not done) in practice. To this end, the paper presents findings from in-depth interviews with Local Authority officers responsible for the implementation of policies relating to school (re)building and (re)design in diverse localities. These interviews show how the idea(l) of pupil participation may, in practice, be foreclosed by contingencies, budgets, issues, debates, personalities and events at grassroots level. The paper will suggest that national policy-making regarding participation should be better grounded in the complex and diverse realities of the (re)design of school environments in practice. (shrink)

In this paper I describe basic features of traditional (British) emergentism and Popper’s emergentist theory of consciousness and compare them to the contemporary versions of emergentism present in connectionist approach in cognitive sciences. I argue that despite their similarities, the traditional form, as well as Popper’s theory belong to strong causal emergentism and yield radically different ontological consequences compared to the weaker, contemporary version present in cognitive science. Strong causal emergentism denies the causal closure of the physical domain and introduces (...) genuine new mental causal powers and genuine downward causation, while weak emergentism provides new insights in understanding the mechanisms and explanation that is compatible with physicalism. (shrink)

Confronted with an unprecedented scale of human-induced environmental crisis, there is a need for new modes of theorizing that would abandon human exceptionalism and anthropocentrism and instead focus on developing environmentally ethical projects suitable for our times. In this paper, we offer an anti-anthropocentric project of an ethos for living in the Anthropocene. We develop it through revisiting the notion of sustainability in order to problematize the linear vision of human-centric futurity and the uniform ‘we’ of humanity upon which it (...) relies. We ground our analyses in posthumanism and material feminism, using works by posthumanist and material feminist thinkers such as Stacy Alaimo, Rosi Braidotti, Donna Haraway and Jane Bennett, among others. In dialogue with them, we offer the concept of posthuman sustainability that decenters the human, re-positions it in its ecosystem and, while remaining attentive to difference, fosters the thriving of all instances of life. (shrink)

This article is devoted to Russian religious thinker Semyon L. Frank’s philosophical interpretation of Alexander S. Pushkin’s work. The article identifies the place and significance of the Pushkin...

Die Theorie der „reflexiven Modernisierung” erhebt den Anspruch, nicht nur eine neue Sicht auf die Gesellschaft zu entwickeln, sondern auch einen ganz neuen, bereits existierenden Gesellschaftszustand zu beschreiben. In dieser Sicht und in dieser Gesellschaft haben die Freiheit und die Gerechtigkeit eine andere Stellung und einen anderen Sinn als in den modernen politischen Theorien und in den modernen Gesellschaften. Wie und aus welchen theoretischen und politischen Gründen die für die politische Theorie so wichtigen Begriffe „Freiheit” und „Gerechtigkeit” in der Theorie (...) der „reflexiven Modernisierung” aufgelöst werden und was an ihre Stelle kommt – das sind die wichtigsten Fragen, auf die die Autorin Antworten sucht. (shrink)

Članak razmatra pojam demokracije Johna Deweya u odnosu na ranije i suvremene radikalno ljevičarske ideje. Ističu se slična epistemološka, antropološka i politička stajališta u ovim teorijama. Vrlo je važno odbacivanje ili podcjenjivanje političke demokracije i naglasak na demokratskom životu s ciljem stvaranja novog društva, posve drukčijeg od postojećih društava. Članak je podijeljen u tri dijela. Prvi dio istražuje razumijevanje demokracije kao nepolitičkog fenomena i kao sinonima za novi oblik ljudske egzistencije u mladog Marxa te kasnijim stavovima Marxa i Lenjina o (...) demokraciji kao »hipokriziji«. Drugi dio analizira Deweyev pojam demokracije kao »načina povezanog življenja« i skreće pozornost na neke značajne podudarnosti i, također, razlike spram Marxovih ranih ideja. Treći dio razmatra razumijevanje demokratskog društva kao identičnog s globalnim društvom u kojem komunikacija među ljudima nije ograničena političkim granicama. U ovom se pitanju također prepoznaju značajne podudarnosti u mišljenju Marxa, Deweya i nekih suvremenih mislilaca . Zaključak je da su politička demokracija i demokratsko društvo kompatibilni, no ideja neke vrste novog nepolitičkog demokratskog društva osim globalnog društva se smatra nerealističnom. (shrink)

The article considers the John Dewey’s concept of democracy with regard to earlier and to contemporary left-radical ideas. The article highlights similar epistemological, anthropological and political views in these theories. Very important is the rejection or the underestimation of the political democracy and the emphasis on the democratic life in order to build a new society, quite different from the existing societies. The article consists of three parts. The first part examines the understanding of democracy as a non political phenomenon (...) and as a synonym for a new type of human existence by the early Marx and the later view of Marx and Lenin on the democracy as “hypocrisy”. The second part analyzes the Dewey’s concept of democracy as “a mode of associated living” and draws attention to some significant resemblances and also some differences from the early conception of Marx. The third part considers the understanding of the democratic society as identical with the global society in which the communication of the people is not restricted by political borders. In this question there are also identified significant similarities between the conceptions of Marx, Dewey and some contemporary thinkers . The conclusion is that the political democracy and the democratic society are compatible, but the idea of some kind of new non-political democratic society besides global society is deemed as unrealistic. (shrink)

In dem Artikel werden die Auffassungen von John Dewey über die Demokratie in Bezug auf frühere und spätere linksradikale Theorien untersucht. Es werden viele Ähnlichkeiten in erkenntnistheoretischen, anthropologischen und philosophisch-politischen Fragen entdeckt. Als besonders wichtig erscheint die Ablehnung oder die Unterschätzung der politischen Demokratie und die Hervorhebung des demokratischen Lebens, um einer ganz neuen Gesellschaft Platz zu machen. Der Artikel besteht aus drei Teilen. Im ersten Teil wird die Auffassung des frühen Marx über die Demokratie als ein unpolitisches Phänomen und (...) als Synonym eines neuen menschlichen Daseins verfolgt und die spätere Umwandlung dieser Auffassung bei Marx selbst und bei Lenin, wo die politische Demokratie als eine „Heuchelei“ verstanden wird. Im zweiten Teil wird die Auffassung von Dewey über die Demokratie als „Modus des assoziierten Lebens“ analysiert, und es wird auf Ähnlichkeiten und auch auf Unterschiede zum früheren Demokratiekonzept von Marx hingewiesen. Der dritte Teil beschäftigt sich mit der Interpretation der demokratischen Gesellschaft als der identischen mit der globalen Gesellschaft, in der die menschliche Kommunikation uneingeschränkt von politischen Grenzen verläuft. In diesem Punkt werden auch ähnliche Positionen von Marx, Dewey und zeitgenössischen Autoren wie Giddens und Beck festgestellt. Zum Schluss wird die Vereinbarkeit zwischen politischer Demokratie und demokratischer Gesellschaft behauptet, gleichwohl wird die Idee von einer neuen unpolitischen demokratischen Gesellschaft und zwar einer globalen Gesellschaft als unrealistisch eingeschätzt. (shrink)

L‘article étudie la notion de démocratie chez John Dewey en la mettant en rapport avec les idées radicales de gauche passées et contemporaines . L‘article souligne les points de vue épistémologiques, anthropologiques et politiques communs à ces théories. Le rejet ou la sous-estimation de la démocratie politique ainsi que l‘accent mis sur la vie démocratique dans le but de créer une nouvelle société, complètement différente de toutes celles qui existent, relèvent d‘une importance particulière. L‘article est composé de trois parties. La (...) première explore la perception de la démocratie en tant que phénomène apolitique et synonyme d‘une nouvelle forme d‘existence humaine chez le jeune Marx, puis les regards ultérieurs de Marx et de Lénine sur la démocratie comme « hypocrisie ». La deuxième partie analyse le concept de démocratie selon Dewey en tant que « mode de vie connecté » et attire l‘attention sur quelques analogies significatives, tout comme sur les différences par rapport aux idées du jeune Marx. La troisième considère la perception de la société démocratique comme identique à la société globale dans laquelle la communication entre les hommes n‘est pas limitée par les frontières politiques. Sur cette question, on reconnaît des analogies significatives dans les pensées de Marx, Dewey et quelques penseurs contemporains . En conclusion, la démocratie politique et la société démocratique sont compatibles, mais l‘idée d‘une société apolitique démocratique autre que celle de la société globale est considérée comme irréaliste. (shrink)

La théorie de la « modernisation reflexive » exige non seulement le développement d’un nouveau point de vue sur la société, mais aussi la description d’une condition sociale tout à fait nouvelle. De ce point de vue et dans cette société, la liberté et l’équité ont une position différente et un sens qui diffèrent dans les théories politiques modernes et dans les sociétés modernes. De quelle manière et pour quelles raisons théoriques et politiques sont annulés dans la théorie de la (...) « modernisation reflexive » les concepts de « liberté » et d’ « équité » qui sont si importants pour la théorie politique? Par quoi sont remplacés ces concepts? Voilà les principales questions auquelles l’auteur cherche à donner la réponse. (shrink)

The theory of “reflexive modernisation” requires not only the development of a novel view of society, but also the description of an entire new, already existing social state. In the light of this as well as in this society, the status and meaning of freedom and justice are different from those in modern political theories and modern societies. In what way and due to which theoretical and political reasons are the concept of ‘freedom’ and ‘justice’ eliminated in the theory of (...) “reflexive modernisation”, two indispensable concepts for political theory, and what is it that takes their place – are the most important questions the authoress attempts to answer. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Feminist Studies 44, no. 1. © 2018 by Olga Zilberbourg 95 Olga Zilberbourg Helen More’s Suicide My retired colleague Marguerite called to tell me of Helen More’s suicide. “Of all the sad, ludicrous things people do to themselves!” She invited me over. “Thursday night, as usual. I could use the company of younger people.” It had been about a year since I’d first been invited to these (...) Thursdays —monthly literary and musical soirees Marguerite hosted in her living room. Helen had been a regular at Marguerite’s for several decades; the two women were close contemporaries and each a celebrity in her own field. Helen was scholar of the English Romantics at the same university where Marguerite had taught Flaubert, Zola, and Balzac, and where I was now a junior faculty member in the English department. I’d heard of Professor More long before I met her: she lectured at the university from the 1960s until being forced into retirement in 2006 ostensibly due to age. She had a reputation as a militant feminist who eagerly engaged in battles about appointments and promotions, and her politics could have had something to do with it. “Are they sure it was a suicide?” In person Helen was a quiet, reticent woman with a sly, sarcastic sense of humor, and the idea that she might’ve committed suicide seemed outlandish. Vague murder scenarios floated in my mind. A disgruntled student? A male professor, passed over for promotion years ago and blaming her for his career failure? 96 Olga Zilberbourg “Yes, quite. The details are unpleasant, but do you know what she wrote in her suicide note?” “Of course she left a note.” “She said, ‘Thanks for the trip. Love to all.’” I couldn’t help laughing. “Yet when you think that having written that, she took all those pills and put a plastic bag over her head,” Marguerite’s voice broke. “Anyway, it’s not a conversation to have over the telephone. Do come over.” On Thursday afternoon, having collected the student papers after the last exam of the semester, I took the subway down to Greenwich Village. Marguerite lived on a third floor walkup, in a wonderfully spacious and tall-ceilinged apartment that back in the 1970s she and her husband had converted from a pillow factory. Since her husband’s death ten years earlier, the apartment had slowly turned into a trap for Marguerite. She suffered from arthritis in her hands, shoulders, and knees, and walking up and down the stairs became a nearly impossible exercise. She ventured out once or twice a week with the assistance of a visiting nurse. The place could easily fetch three or four million dollars, and Marguerite could use the money. Yet she was reluctant to sell. “I’d rather go without bread than without my piano and my books,” she insisted. A feeling of reverence and trepidation caught my breath as I climbed the stairs to Marguerite’s apartment. One never knew what kind of celebrity of the arts or music world could show up on any given Thursday. In her lifetime, Marguerite had known everyone, from Sartre and de Beauvoir to Picasso and Chagall. In the last few years the circle of her acquaintances seemed to dwindle, and yet still world-renowned musicians, poets, playwrights sometimes appeared among the circle of her former colleagues and students. I rang the doorbell and waited for several minutes as Marguerite crept to the door. “I’m afraid you’re my only guest tonight,” she said through the door, struggling with the lock and the knob. Finally, she pushed the door open. “Several people cancelled because of the end of the semester, and then of course, there’s the funeral. But come in, come in—we’ll talk of that later.” Marguerite led me into the living room, heavily shaded from the street and dimly lit with two floor lamps. Decorated with musical instruments, piles of books on the floor and on the low tables, and bright Olga Zilberbourg 97 modernist watercolors on the walls, the room seemed to belong to a royal palace, a vast, untouchable space. Usually Helen or one of Marguerite ’s... (shrink)

This article offers an anthropological perspective on autism, a condition at once neurological and social, which complements existing psychological accounts of the disorder, expanding the scope of inquiry from the interpersonal domain, in which autism has been predominantly examined, to the socio-cultural one. Persons with autism need to be viewed not only as individuals in relation to other individuals, but as members of social groups and communities who act, displaying both social competencies and difficulties, in relation to socially and culturally (...) ordered expectations of behavior. The article articulates a socio-cultural approach to perspective-taking in autism in three social domains: participating in conversational turn-taking and sequences; formulating situational scenarios; and interpreting socio-cultural meanings of indexical forms and behavior. Providing ethnographic data on the everyday lives of high-functioning children with autism and Asperger syndrome, the article outlines a cline of competence across the three domains, from most success in conversational turn-taking to least in inferring indexical meanings. Implications of these abilities and limitations are considered for theoretical approaches to society and culture, illuminating how members of social groups are at once shaped by, and are agents of, social life and cultural understanding. (shrink)

This paper attempts to be a contribution to the epistemological project of explaining complex conceptual structures departing from more basic ones. The central thesis of the paper is that there are what I call “functionally structured concepts”, these are non-harmonic concepts in Dummett’s sense that might be legitimized if there is a function that justifies the tie between the inferential connection the concept allows us to trace. Proving this requires enhancing the russellian existential analysis of definite descriptions to apply to (...) functions and using this in proving the legitimacy of such concepts. The utility of the proposal is shown for the case of thick ethical terms and an attempt is made to use it in explaining the development of natural numbers. This last move could allow us to go one step lower in explaining the genesis of natural numbers while maintaining the notion of abstract numbers as higher order entities. (shrink)